How Does Addiction Impact Your Brain?

Addiction profoundly alters brain function, particularly affecting the reward and motivation systems. All addictive substances activate the brain’s reward circuitry, particularly the nucleus accumbens, leading to feelings of pleasure that reinforce substance use. This involves the activation of dopamine neurons, which are particularly stimulated by stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine. For instance, dopamine release is triggered during substance use, with brain imaging studies showing increased activity in dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter systems.

According to a 2016 book ‘Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, drugs, and Health’, approximately 74% of individuals aged 18 to 30 admitted to treatment programs began using substances by age 17 or younger, making them more susceptible to chronic use and addiction. Those who transition to heavy drinking during adolescence show smaller frontal cortex volumes compared to peers who do not drink, indicating that early substance use can hinder brain development.

The withdrawal stage of addiction is characterized by a decrease in the brain’s reward system function and an increase in stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and norepinephrine. Long-term substance use leads to a reduction in dopamine receptor sensitivity, particularly the D2 receptor, which is consistently lower in individuals with addiction compared to non-addicted individuals. This reduction in sensitivity affects not only responses to addictive substances but also to natural rewards, such as food and social interactions.

Moreover, the preoccupation/anticipation stage involves disruptions in executive function due to compromised prefrontal cortex activity. Individuals with addiction exhibit impairments in decision-making and behavioral inhibition, with a smaller prefrontal cortex volume predicting a shorter time to relapse. Overall, addiction leads to a cycle of increased craving, compulsive substance seeking, and diminished capacity to experience pleasure from non-drug-related activities.

What Do Drugs Do To The Brain?

Drugs and alcohol cause abnormal activity in the forebrain – the area where chemical messengers stimulate desire. When someone develops an addiction, their brain considers the substance to be a reward and craves it more and more. When someone gives in and takes more drugs or consumes alcohol, the reward system is triggered and releases high levels of dopamine, a chemical that produces feelings of pleasure.

Once the chemicals in alcohol and drugs like stimulants, and opioids interact with the brain, they can lead to various effects and patterns of addiction. The following table summarizes the impact of different drug classes on the brain:

What is the Long-Term Impact of Substance Abuse on the Brain?

The long-term impact of substance abuse on the brain includes the development of tolerance, where brain receptors adjust to alcohol or drugs by producing less dopamine. Consequently, the effects of euphoria and other symptoms diminish, prompting users to increase their dosage to achieve the same intensity.

Addiction, being a prolonged struggle that can take years to overcome, also leads to long-term brain effects. Since alcohol and drugs affect brain areas responsible for emotions and motivation, prolonged use can impair concentration and judgment.

Here are some of the long-term side effects of drug abuse:

• Confusion
• Feelings of lethargy or reduced motivation
• Memory loss

• Delayed reactions

Does Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Affect the Brain?

Yes, drug and alcohol withdrawal significantly affects the brain. When individuals struggling with addiction abruptly stop using drugs or alcohol, withdrawal becomes unavoidable. Many experience unpleasant symptoms such as sweating, nausea, and anxiety. This happens because prolonged use of these substances essentially rewires the brain. The brain adjusts its neurotransmitter levels to maintain homeostasis; when drug or alcohol use ceases, this balance is disrupted. This imbalance leads to issues with neurotransmitters and hormones, resulting in negative side effects.

Withdrawal can be dangerous and even life-threatening, depending on the drug and the level of addiction. This is why many people check into detox centers when they’re ready to stop using – withdrawal symptoms must be monitored by medical professionals, and it can be harmful to stop using a drug all at once. A certified professional may suggest reducing the use of the drug over time, rather than stopping altogether.

How Does an Overdose Affect The Brain?

An overdose affects the brain by significantly disrupting its function, and overwhelming neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involved in reward and stress regulation. This disruption can lead to acute changes in brain structure and function, impairing areas such as the basal ganglia, which governs pleasure and habit formation; the extended amygdala, which manages stress responses; and the prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and impulse control. 

These disruptions can result in severe consequences, including loss of consciousness, respiratory failure, and long-term cognitive deficits, as the brain struggles to regain normal function even after the immediate effects of the substance wear off.

Can Drugs Cause Permanent Damage to The Brain?

Yes, some drugs can cause permanent damage to the brain. For example, heavy use of alcohol and other substances can lead to long-term changes in the brain that can affect cognitive function, memory, and decision-making abilities.

Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage Even if They Are only Used Occasionally?

Yes, drugs can cause brain damage even if they are only used occasionally. This is because the brain is highly sensitive to the effects of drugs, and even small amounts can cause changes in brain chemistry and function.

Can Drug Abuse Be Treated and Reversed?

Yes, drug abuse can be treated and reversed with the right support and interventions. Treatment for drug abuse often involves a combination of therapy, counseling, and medication, and can help individuals overcome addiction and restore healthy brain function.

Are Some Drugs More Harmful to The Brain than Others?

Yes, some drugs are more harmful to the brain than others. For example, drugs that are highly addictive and cause significant changes in brain chemistry, such as methamphetamine and cocaine, can be particularly damaging to the brain.

Is It Possible to Prevent Drug-Related Brain Damage?

Yes, it is possible to prevent drug-related brain damage by avoiding drug use altogether. In addition, individuals who are struggling with addiction can seek help from a healthcare provider or addiction specialist to get the support they need to overcome their addiction and protect their brain health.

Treating Addiction with Compassion & Patience

At The Nestled Recovery Center, our team understands that addiction is powerful and takes time and dedication to overcome. There is no “cure” that can remove your addiction and allow you to get back to your life as if nothing happened. Addiction is intertwined with a variety of physical, mental, and emotional challenges that can take time to unravel. When you join any of our programs, you can expect our team to take a holistic approach to your treatment, meaning we address the person, not just the problem. We treat each of our clients with compassion and know that your journey is unique – your time with us can’t be compared to any of our other clients’ journeys. Discover a new way of life today by visiting our center.

Call The Nestled Recovery Center at (702) 299-6406 or fill out our online form if you’re ready to seek treatment for your addiction. We offer programs to help you at each stage of your recovery journey, from detox to treatments and therapies.