Alcohol and Young Adults: Risk and How to Prevent It

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 29% of high school students reported drinking alcohol within the past 30 days, with 14% engaging in binge drinking during the same period.

Causes of underage drinking include peer pressure, stress and coping mechanisms, curiosity and desire to experiment, and the perception of drinking as a rite of passage or a way to feel more grown-up.

Effects of alcohol consumption include liver damage, cardiovascular issues, neurological impairments, fatal alcohol poisoning, engaging in risky behavior, legal troubles and antisocial behavior, and poor academic performance.

Talking to teenagers about alcohol drinking involves conversations about alcohol early, honesty about the risks and consequences, accurate, research-based information to dispel myths, Promoting healthy, alcohol-free activities, and maintaining a supportive, non-judgmental attitude. 

How Common is Underage Drinking?

Underage drinking is a significant public health issue in the United States, with many adolescents reporting alcohol consumption. It remains prevalent among adolescents. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2020, approximately 29% of high school students reported drinking alcohol within the past 30 days, and 14% reported binge drinking during the same period. 

This prevalence highlights the widespread nature of underage drinking and its impact on adolescent health and development. A study published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research by Johnston et al. (1999) found that “Alcohol use among young adults remains a pervasive issue, with early initiation linked to higher rates of alcohol dependence and abuse in later life.” 

Furthermore, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) reports that by age 15, about 33% of teens have had at least one drink, and by age 18, this figure rises to about 60% (SAMHSA, 2020). 

These studies show the importance of early intervention and prevention measures to reduce the risks associated with underage drinking.

What are the Common Effects of Binge Drinking?

The effects of binge drinking manifest in 3 ways: physical, mental, and social impact. These effects can occur in both short-term and long-term. A study by Hingson and Zha (2009) on Addiction states that “Headaches are frequently reported by individuals who engage in binge drinking.”

Physical Effects of Binge Drinking

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, 2020) notes that “Nausea and vomiting are common physical reactions to excessive alcohol intake.” six physical effects of binge drinking are; 

1. Hangovers: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020), “Hangovers are a common consequence of heavy alcohol consumption and can significantly impair daily functioning.” Binge drinking often results in hangovers characterized by headache, fatigue, and dehydration.
2. Headaches: Consuming large amounts of alcohol leads to severe headaches due to dehydration and the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain.
3. Nausea and Vomiting: Binge drinking irritates the stomach lining, leading to nausea and vomiting. These symptoms are part of the body’s effort to expel the excess alcohol and can be pretty severe.
4. Shakiness: After a binge drinking episode, individuals experience shakiness or tremors as their body reacts to the withdrawal of alcohol. According to Tapert et al. (2004) in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, “Shakiness and tremors are symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal following heavy drinking.”
5. Alcohol Poisoning: Binge drinking leads to alcohol poisoning, a deadly condition that needs immediate medical attention. Symptoms include confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow breathing, and unconsciousness. Hingson and Zha (2009) highlight that “Alcohol poisoning is a serious and potentially deadly consequence of binge drinking.”
6. Injuries and Accidents: The impaired coordination and judgment resulting from binge drinking increase the risk of falls, motor vehicle accidents, and drownings. The CDC (2020) reports that “Binge drinking significantly raises the likelihood of unintentional injuries and accidents.”

Mental Effects of Binge Drinking

Binge drinking significantly impacts mental health, leading to issues such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and cognitive impairments.  A study published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research by Tapert et al. (2004) found that “Adolescents who engage in binge drinking show deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning.” Long-term binge drinking causes permanent brain damage and memory loss.

Social Effects of Binge Drinking

Socially, binge drinking leads to problems such as poor academic performance, strained relationships, and legal issues. According to the CDC (2020), “Binge drinking is linked to a host of social problems, including family and relationship issues, and increased risk of involvement in violence and criminal activities.” It also results in risky behaviors, including unprotected sex and aggression.

Long-Term Health Risks of Binge Drinking

Long-term binge drinking increases the risk of developing chronic diseases like liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and various cancers. The NIAAA (2020) states that “Repeated episodes of binge drinking can cause long-term damage to the liver, heart, and other vital organs.”

These effects highlight the severe consequences of binge drinking and the importance of preventive measures and education to mitigate these risks.

What the Risk of Alcohol for Young People

Five risks of young alcohol consumption include health risks, overdose, risky behavior, unsafe sex, antisocial behavior, and numerous dangers to young people. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, 2020), “Early onset of alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic health problems later in life.”

1. Health Risks: Young people who consume alcohol face various health risks like liver damage, cardiovascular issues, and neurological impairments.
2. Overdose: Alcohol overdose is a severe risk for young drinkers, often resulting from binge drinking. Symptoms include confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow breathing, and unconsciousness.
3. Risky Behavior: Alcohol impairs judgment and increases the chances of acting in risky behaviors, such as driving under the influence, swimming, or participating in dangerous activities.
4. Unsafe Sex and Unwanted Pregnancy: Alcohol consumption leads to unsafe sexual practices, increasing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. 
5. Antisocial Behavior: Young drinkers exhibit antisocial behaviors, including aggression, vandalism, and disruptive conduct. These behaviors can strain relationships with family and peers. The NIAAA (2020) notes that “Alcohol use in adolescents is linked to increased instances of aggressive and antisocial behavior.”

Other Risks of Binge Drinking 

1. Getting into Trouble with the Police: Underage drinking leads to legal issues, such as citations for possession of alcohol, public intoxication, and DUI (driving under the influence).
2. Criminal Behavior: Engaging in criminal activities such as theft, vandalism, and assault is more common among young people who consume alcohol.
3. Failing to Meet Potential at School: Alcohol use negatively impacts academic performance due to its effects on cognitive functions and motivation. Young drinkers are more likely to experience poor grades, absenteeism, and dropping out of school. According to the NIAAA (2020), “Alcohol consumption during adolescence can interfere with academic success and future career prospects.”
4. Mental Health Issues: Alcohol use can exacerbate mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. 
5. Social Isolation: Regular alcohol use can lead to social withdrawal and isolation from non-drinking peers. “

These risks underscore the critical need for preventive measures, education, and support to reduce alcohol consumption among young people.

Why Do Young Adults Drink so Much Alcohol?

Five reasons why young adults often consume alcohol are peer pressure, self-medication, stress, low self-esteem, and experimenting. The NIAAA (2020) states that “Many young adults drink to align themselves with adult behaviors and social norms.”

1. Peer Pressure: Peer pressure is a significant influencing factor in young adults drinking. Being in social environments where drinking is prevalent leads to increased alcohol consumption to fit in or gain acceptance. 
2. Self-Medicating for Underlying Mental Health Issues: Some young adults turn to alcohol as a way to self-medicate underlying mental health issues like depression, anxiety, or trauma..”
3. Deal with Stress: Young adults commonly use alcohol to cope with stress related to academic pressures, work, and personal relationships. 
4. Low Self-Esteem: Low self-esteem drives young adults to drink in an attempt to boost their confidence and alleviate feelings of inadequacy. 
5. Experimenting with Alcohol and Other Substance Use: Young adulthood is often a period of experimentation, including the use of alcohol and other substances. This experimentation is driven by curiosity and the desire to experience new sensations.

Other reasons include:

1. Feel More “Grown-Up”: Drinking alcohol gives young adults a sense of maturity and adulthood. It is often perceived as a behavior associated with being grown-up, leading young people to drink to feel older. 
2. Cultural and social “Rites of Passage”: Cultural and social “rites of passage,” particularly among young men, involve heavy drinking to prove oneself and gain social status. These rituals can reinforce the notion that excessive drinking is a way to demonstrate bravery and manliness. 
3. Accessibility: Alcohol is often readily accessible to young adults despite legal drinking age restrictions. Easy access contributes to higher consumption rates.
4. Media Influence: Media portrayals of alcohol use in movies, TV shows, and advertisements can glamorize drinking and influence young adults’ perceptions of alcohol.”
5. Social Rituals and Celebrations: Alcohol is often a central component of social events, parties, and celebrations, making it a common part of young adults’ social lives.

Understanding these factors helps in developing targeted interventions and preventive measures to reduce alcohol consumption among young adults.

How Can Parents Encourage Safer Drinking and Help-Seeking?

Parents can encourage safer drinking and help-seeking by allowing open communication, setting clear expectations, and providing support and resources. The CDC (2020) states that “Clear and consistent messaging from parents about alcohol use can significantly influence their children’s attitudes and behaviors.”

1. Open Communication: Maintaining open and honest discussions with their children about the risks and consequences of alcohol use is crucial. Parents have to create a safe space for their children to discuss their experiences and feelings related to alcohol.
2. Setting Clear Expectations: Parents should establish clear rules and expectations regarding alcohol use, including the legal drinking age and the importance of moderation. Consistent enforcement of these rules helps young adults understand the seriousness of alcohol consumption. 
3. Modeling Responsible Behavior: Parents can model responsible drinking behavior by demonstrating moderation and making safe choices regarding alcohol. Setting a positive example, parents influence their children’s attitudes toward drinking. 
4. Providing Resources: Parents should provide their children with resources and information about the dangers of alcohol abuse and the importance of seeking help if needed. This includes educational materials, support groups, and access to professional counseling.
5. Encouraging Healthy Coping Mechanisms: Helping young adults develop healthy coping ways for stress and emotional challenges reduces their likelihood of turning to alcohol. Activities such as exercise, hobbies, and mindfulness practices provide alternative ways to manage stress. 
6. Being Supportive and Nonjudgmental: Parents should approach conversations about alcohol with a supportive and nonjudgmental attitude. This encourages young adults to seek help and share their concerns without fear of punishment or criticism. 
7. Monitoring and Supervision: Active supervision of young adults’ activities and social interactions helps parents identify potential issues early. Staying involved in their children’s lives and knowing their friends and activities can prevent risky behaviors.
8. Seeking Professional Help: If parents suspect their teenager has a drinking problem, they should seek professional help from counselors, therapists, or addiction specialists. Early intervention can prevent the escalation of alcohol use into more severe problems. 

These strategies can help parents effectively encourage safer drinking behaviors and promote help-seeking among young adults.

How to Talk to Teenagers About Drinking

Talking to teenagers about drinking involves open communication, providing accurate information, and creating a supportive environment. Begin conversations about alcohol early, ideally before the teenage years, and be honest about the risks and consequences. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020), “Early and honest discussions about alcohol can help set the foundation for responsible behavior.”

Use clear and direct language when discussing the dangers of alcohol use. Avoid ambiguous terms and ensure that teenagers understand the seriousness of the topic. Explain the legal consequences of underage drinking, including potential fines, legal records, and the impact on future opportunities.

Use real-life stories and examples to show the potential dangers of alcohol use. Personal anecdotes or news stories make the discussion more relatable and impactful. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, 2020), “Real-life stories can effectively convey the serious consequences of drinking.”

Encourage teenagers to ask questions and provide them with accurate, research-based information. This approach helps dispel myths and misinformation about alcohol. Clearly outline your expectations regarding alcohol use and the consequences of breaking these rules. Consistency in enforcement is critical. 

Talk about the influence of peer pressure and provide strategies for resisting it. Role-playing scenarios help teenagers practice how to say no. SAMHSA (2020) explains that “Discussing peer pressure and resistance strategies equips teenagers with the tools to make better choices.”

Encourage participation in healthy, alcohol-free activities and hobbies. Providing alternatives reduces the temptation to drink. The NIAAA (2020) notes, “Promoting healthy alternatives helps redirect teenagers’ energy and interests away from alcohol.” Approach the conversation with a supportive and non-judgmental attitude. Make it clear that your primary concern is their well-being.

Keep track of your teenager’s activities and social interactions. Staying involved in their lives can help you identify potential issues early. SAMHSA (2020) highlights, “Active monitoring and involvement are crucial for preventing risky behaviors.” By incorporating these strategies, parents can effectively communicate with their teenagers about the risks of drinking and encourage safer behaviors.

What are the Long-Term Health Consequences of Early Alcohol Use?

Long-term health consequences of early alcohol use include an increased risk of developing chronic conditions such as liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and neurological impairments. Early initiation of alcohol consumption is also linked to higher rates of alcohol dependence and abuse in later life, affecting overall mental and physical health.

How Does Peer Pressure Influence Underage Drinking?

Peer pressure significantly influences underage drinking as adolescents may consume alcohol to fit in with their social group or gain acceptance. Being in environments where drinking is common can increase the likelihood of alcohol use. Peer pressure can lead young people to engage in risky behaviors they might otherwise avoid.

How Can Schools Help Prevent Underage Drinking?

Schools can help prevent underage drinking by implementing comprehensive alcohol education programs that provide accurate information about the risks of alcohol use. Schools can also promote healthy, alcohol-free activities, offer support resources for students, and involve parents and the community in prevention efforts.

What Role Does Media Play in Underage Drinking?

Media plays a significant role in shaping adolescents’ perceptions of alcohol use. Movies, TV shows, and advertisements often glamorize drinking, portraying it as a fun and socially acceptable behavior. This can influence young adults to view alcohol consumption as a normal part of life and encourage them to experiment with drinking.

How Can Parents Encourage Safer Drinking and Help-seeking?

Parents can encourage safer drinking and help-seeking by maintaining open communication, setting clear expectations, and providing support and resources. According to the CDC, clear and consistent messaging from parents about alcohol use can significantly influence their children’s attitudes and behaviors. Discussing the risks, such as alcohol-induced blackout, is crucial.

Parents should also model responsible drinking behavior and provide information about the importance of seeking help if needed. Providing access to resources like alcohol addiction rehab can help young adults make informed decisions and feel supported in addressing any alcohol-related issues.